What this is

In one line

A competency question is a question the ontology must be able to answer. These fourteen pin down what the Claim ontology is for — and, expressed as SPARQL, they become an executable test suite: a change is safe when the questions still return the right answers.

Each question below carries its natural-language form (as authored in misc/claim-cq.ttl), the exact SPARQL that answers it, the ontology terms it exercises, and the answer it returns against the sample data in resource/claim-example.ttl. For the method behind them, see Start with the questions.

Two kinds of question

retrieval questions return the answer directly — a claim, a claimant, a count. validation questions return violations: an empty result set is the passing state, and any row is a data-quality defect to fix.

The fourteen, at a glance

CQ	Question	Type	Chiefly exercises
CQ-C1	Which claim has a given identifier?	retrieval	claim:claimId
CQ-C2	Under which policy is a claim filed?	retrieval	policy:underPolicy
CQ-C3	How many claims are filed against a policy?	retrieval	policy:underPolicy (count)
CQ-C4	Who is the claimant of a claim?	retrieval	claim:claimant
CQ-C5	What losses gave rise to a claim?	retrieval	claim:hasLoss
CQ-C6	Who is the policyholder of a claim’s policy?	retrieval	policy:policyHolder
CQ-C7	Which claims were filed by an organization?	retrieval	core:Organization
CQ-C8	Does every claim reference exactly one policy?	validation	policy:underPolicy
CQ-C9	Is any event given two lifecycle types?	validation	claim:ClaimEvent
CQ-C10	Which claims have been reopened?	retrieval	claim:hasClaimEvent
CQ-C11	What is a claim’s current status, and when?	retrieval	claim:hasClaimEvent, OWL-Time
CQ-C12	Which agents act in the claimant role?	retrieval	claim:ClaimantRole
CQ-C13	Which claims have been cancelled, and when?	retrieval	claim:CancellationEvent
CQ-C14	When was each claim opened and closed?	retrieval	claim:OpeningEvent, claim:ClosingEvent

01 — THE SAMPLE DATASET

The data the answers are computed against

The expected answers below come from resource/claim-example.ttl — two claims on one policy, one of them reopened.

Individual	Type	Key facts
ex:POL-500	policy	policyNumber "POL-500"; policyholder ex:AcmeCorp
ex:CLM-1001	claim	under POL-500; claimant Jane Doe (person); loss Warehouse fire; opened 2026-01-04, closed 2026-02-01
ex:CLM-1002	claim	under POL-500; claimant Acme Corp (organization); opened 2026-03-10, closed 2026-04-15, reopened 2026-05-20
ex:JaneDoe	core:Person	“Jane Doe”; holds claim:ClaimantRole
ex:AcmeCorp	core:Organization	“Acme Corp”; holds claim:ClaimantRole
ex:Loss-A	claim:Loss	“Warehouse fire loss”

02 — RETRIEVAL QUESTIONS

Questions that return an answer

Identity & policy linkage

Finding a claim, and the policy behind it

CQ-C1retrieval

Which claim has a given claim identifier?

PREFIX claim: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
SELECT ?claim WHERE {
  ?claim a claim:Claim ;
         claim:claimId "CLM-1001" .
}

Exercisesclaim:Claim, claim:claimId (functional identifier)

Answerex:CLM-1001

CQ-C2retrieval

Under which policy is a given claim filed?

PREFIX claim:  <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
PREFIX policy: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/policy/>
SELECT ?policy ?policyNumber WHERE {
  ?claim  claim:claimId "CLM-1001" ;
          policy:underPolicy ?policy .
  OPTIONAL { ?policy policy:policyNumber ?policyNumber }
}

Exercisespolicy:underPolicy — the claim→policy link (defined in the policy module, used here as data)

Answerex:POL-500 · "POL-500"

CQ-C3retrieval

How many claims are filed against the policy with a given policy number?

PREFIX claim:  <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
PREFIX policy: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/policy/>
SELECT (COUNT(DISTINCT ?claim) AS ?claimCount) WHERE {
  ?policy policy:policyNumber "POL-500" .
  ?claim  policy:underPolicy ?policy .
}

Exercisespolicy:underPolicy with aggregation

Answer2

CQ-C6retrieval

For each claim, who is the policyholder of the policy it is filed under?

PREFIX claim:  <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
PREFIX policy: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/policy/>
SELECT ?claim ?policyHolder WHERE {
  ?claim  a claim:Claim ;
          policy:underPolicy ?policy .
  ?policy policy:policyHolder ?policyHolder .
}

Exercisesa two-hop join claim → policy → policyHolder

AnswerCLM-1001 → Acme Corp · CLM-1002 → Acme Corp

Parties

Who is making the claim

CQ-C4retrieval

Who is the claimant of a given claim?

PREFIX claim: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
SELECT ?claimant WHERE {
  ?claim  claim:claimId "CLM-1001" ;
          claim:claimant ?claimant .
}

Exercisesclaim:claimant (claim → core:SocialAgent)

Answerex:JaneDoe

CQ-C7retrieval

Which claims were filed by an organization rather than a person?

PREFIX claim: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
PREFIX core:  <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/fnd/core/>
SELECT ?claim ?claimant WHERE {
  ?claim    claim:claimant ?claimant .
  ?claimant a core:Organization .
}

Exercisesclaim:claimant filtered by core:Organization (vs. core:Person)

Answerex:CLM-1002 (claimant Acme Corp)

CQ-C12retrieval

Which agents act in the role of claimant?

PREFIX claim: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
PREFIX core:  <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/fnd/core/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?claimant WHERE {
  ?claimant core:hasRole claim:ClaimantRole .
}

Exercisescore:hasRole → claim:ClaimantRole; agents holding it are exactly claim:Claimant (its role-defined equivalent class)

Answerex:JaneDoe · ex:AcmeCorp

Loss

What gave rise to the claim

CQ-C5retrieval

What losses gave rise to a given claim?

PREFIX claim: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
SELECT ?loss WHERE {
  ?claim  claim:claimId "CLM-1001" ;
          claim:hasLoss ?loss .
}

Exercisesclaim:hasLoss (claim → claim:Loss)

Answerex:Loss-A ("Warehouse fire loss")

Lifecycle · claim:hasClaimEvent

The claim through time

CQ-C10retrieval

Which claims have been reopened?

PREFIX claim: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?claim ?claimId WHERE {
  ?claim a claim:Claim ;
         claim:claimId ?claimId ;
         claim:hasClaimEvent ?event .
  ?event a claim:ReopeningEvent .
}

Exercisesclaim:hasClaimEvent → claim:ReopeningEvent

Answerex:CLM-1002 · "CLM-1002"

CQ-C11retrieval

What is the current status of a claim (from its most recent lifecycle event), and when did it occur?

PREFIX claim: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
PREFIX time:  <http://www.w3.org/2006/time#>
PREFIX rdfs:  <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?claimId ?statusType ?when WHERE {
  ?claim  claim:claimId ?claimId ;
          claim:hasClaimEvent ?event .
  ?event  a ?statusType ;
          time:hasBeginning/time:inXSDDateTimeStamp ?when .
  ?statusType rdfs:subClassOf claim:ClaimEvent .
  FILTER NOT EXISTS {
    ?claim claim:hasClaimEvent ?later .
    ?later time:hasBeginning/time:inXSDDateTimeStamp ?t2 .
    FILTER ( ?t2 > ?when )
  }
}

Exercisesclaim:hasClaimEvent with OWL-Time (time:hasBeginning) and a most-recent filter

AnswerCLM-1001 → Closing event, 2026-02-01 · CLM-1002 → Reopening event, 2026-05-20

CQ-C13retrieval

Which claims have been cancelled, and when?

PREFIX claim: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
PREFIX time:  <http://www.w3.org/2006/time#>
SELECT ?claim ?when WHERE {
  ?event a claim:CancellationEvent ;
         claim:isEventOf ?claim ;
         time:hasBeginning/time:inXSDDateTimeStamp ?when .
}

Exercisesclaim:CancellationEvent and claim:isEventOf (the inverse of claim:hasClaimEvent)

Answerno rows over the sample — no claim is cancelled; the model supports the question

CQ-C14retrieval

When was each claim opened, and when was it closed?

PREFIX claim: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
PREFIX time:  <http://www.w3.org/2006/time#>
SELECT ?claimId ?openedAt ?closedAt WHERE {
  ?claim claim:claimId ?claimId ;
         claim:hasClaimEvent ?open .
  ?open  a claim:OpeningEvent ;
         time:hasBeginning/time:inXSDDateTimeStamp ?openedAt .
  OPTIONAL {
    ?claim claim:hasClaimEvent ?close .
    ?close a claim:ClosingEvent ;
           time:hasBeginning/time:inXSDDateTimeStamp ?closedAt .
  }
}

Exercisesclaim:OpeningEvent and claim:ClosingEvent with OWL-Time

AnswerCLM-1001 → opened 2026-01-04, closed 2026-02-01 · CLM-1002 → opened 2026-03-10, closed 2026-04-15

03 — VALIDATION QUESTIONS

Questions that return violations

Read these the other way round

A validation query is designed to find what is wrong. Over the sample data both return no rows — which is the passing result. Any row that appears is a defect to correct.

CQ-C8validation

Does every claim reference exactly one policy?

PREFIX claim:  <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
PREFIX policy: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/policy/>
SELECT ?claim (COUNT(?policy) AS ?policyCount) WHERE {
  ?claim a claim:Claim .
  OPTIONAL { ?claim policy:underPolicy ?policy }
}
GROUP BY ?claim
HAVING (COUNT(?policy) != 1)

Checksevery claim:Claim has exactly one policy:underPolicy — catches orphaned or multiply-linked claims

Resultno rows — passes (both claims link to exactly one policy)

CQ-C9validation

Is any claim event assigned two mutually-exclusive lifecycle types?

PREFIX claim: <https://data.chubb.com/ontology/ins/claim/>
PREFIX rdfs:  <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
SELECT ?event ?typeA ?typeB WHERE {
  ?event a ?typeA , ?typeB .
  ?typeA rdfs:subClassOf claim:ClaimEvent .
  ?typeB rdfs:subClassOf claim:ClaimEvent .
  FILTER ( STR(?typeA) < STR(?typeB) )
}

Checksthe pairwise-disjoint lifecycle types (Opening / Closing / Cancellation / Reopening) are not co-asserted on one event

Resultno rows — passes (each event has a single type)

04 — COVERAGE IN BOTH DIRECTIONS

Every question answerable, every term earned

The competency-question method asks for coverage checked both ways: forward — is every question answerable? — and reverse — does every term in the ontology earn its place by appearing in at least one question? The method is blunt about the reverse check: “if nothing asks for it, question why it exists.”

forward

Every CQ is answerable

All fourteen questions have a runnable SPARQL query over resource/claim-example.ttl. Eleven return rows; CQ-C13 legitimately returns none (the sample holds no cancellation), and the two validation queries return none, which is their passing state.

reverse

Every term earns its place

An audit against this method found five claim terms exercised by no question. CQ-C12–CQ-C14 were added to close that gap, so every class and property below now maps to at least one CQ.

Reverse coverage — each claim term to the questions that exercise it

Term	Exercised by
claim:Claim	CQ-C1, C6, C8, C10
claim:claimId	CQ-C1, C4, C5, C10, C11, C14
claim:claimant	CQ-C4, C7
claim:Claimant / claim:ClaimantRole	CQ-C12 · added
claim:hasLoss / claim:Loss	CQ-C5
claim:hasClaimEvent	CQ-C10, C11, C14
claim:isEventOf	CQ-C13 · added
claim:ClaimEvent	CQ-C9, C11
claim:OpeningEvent / claim:ClosingEvent	CQ-C14 · added
claim:CancellationEvent	CQ-C13 · added
claim:ReopeningEvent	CQ-C10

What the reverse check bought

Before this pass, claim:ClaimantRole, claim:CancellationEvent, claim:OpeningEvent, claim:ClosingEvent and claim:isEventOf were defined but unexercised — exactly the “does anything ask for this?” smell the method warns about. They are part of the lifecycle and role model, so rather than drop them, three questions were added to justify them. The set is now closed in both directions.

05 — THE VOCABULARY EXERCISED

Claim terms these questions draw on

The terms from ins/claim.ttl (and the neighbouring policy and core modules) that the questions above put to work.

Term	Kind	Meaning
claim:Claim	class	A demand for payment or remedy under a policy, in response to a loss.
claim:Claimant	class	The party in the role of making a claim.
claim:Loss	class	The insured event or occurrence giving rise to a claim.
claim:ClaimEvent	class	A lifecycle event; subtypes Opening / Closing / Cancellation / Reopening are pairwise disjoint.
claim:claimId	property	Functional identifier of a claim (a dct:identifier).
claim:claimant	property	Relates a claim to the agent making it.
claim:hasLoss	property	Relates a claim to its loss.
claim:hasClaimEvent	property	Relates a claim to a lifecycle event; timestamp with OWL-Time.
policy:underPolicy	property	Relates a claim to the policy it is filed under (defined in the policy module).
policy:policyHolder	property	Relates a policy to its policyholder.
core:Organization / core:Person	class	The kinds of social agent a claimant can be.